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 When artists
create their works they follow different tendencies, art move­ments and
styles. When you examine paintings belonging to different periods you can see
how ideas about art have changed over time. Classical works of art are
connected with or influenced by the art of ancient Greece and Rome. They
possess such qualities as balance, regularity and simpleness of form.
    In Europe in the 18th century
Classicism was the quality of being simple, balanced and controlled, not giving
way to feeling and following ancient models in contrast to Romanticism and
Realism. In European art in the late 18th and early 19th centuries there
appeared a group of artists who followed their feelings and emotions rather
than logical thought or reason, and who preferred wild, natural beauty to
things made by man. Realism followed Romanticism in the 19th century.
Realistic paintings showed things as they really are, as they appear to most
people. In the 20th century there appeared such art movements as Impres­sionism,
Surrealism, such styles as Cubism and Expressionism.
     Impressionism was founded
in France in the 1870s by Claude Monet and his friends. They painted outdoors
and developed a sketchy, "impressionistic" style, trying to capture
the changing effect of natural light. For example George Seurat  painted
his pictures in his own particular way, following new sci­entific ideas about
how we see light and colour. His pictures are made up of thousands of
coloured dots. But from a distance the dots seem to merge together and form
new colours. Seurat believed these colours would appear brighter and more
vivid, because the mixing is done not with paint but with light in the view­er's
eyes. One of his fellow artists described the technique as "painting
with jew­els". It became known as Pointillism.
     Surrealism appeared in the
20th century. Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte were famous surrealists. In
their works they used strange dreamlike images.
     Pablo Picasso was born in
1881 in Spain but lived mostly in France. He became one of the most famous
artists, working in many different styles — from delicate pastels to striking
Cubist scenes where he wasn't trying to create lifelike pictures. He wanted
to draw attention to the problems involved in turning a real, 3-D scene into
a flat, 2-D painting. So he distorted space and broke things up into angular
shapes. This style became known as Cubism.
     At the beginning of the
20th century in Germany there developed a style known as Expressionism.
Expressionist artists use exaggerated shapes and col­ours to try to convey
feelings, as in the works of Edward Munch.
     Abstract art became popular
in the 20th century. It doesn't mirror real people or things, but is an
arrangement of shapes and colours.